ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AT THE ONE HEALTH INTERFACE: GENOMIC DRIVERS, HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER, ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS, AND EMERGING CONTROL STRATEGIES
Keywords:
antimicrobial resistance, One Health; horizontal gene transfer, resistome, genomic surveillance, environmental reservoirs
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a significant One Health challenge as resistant bacteria and resistance genes spread continually within and between human, animal, food and environmental systems. It is a combination of genomic adaptation, selective pressure, mobile genetic elements and horizontal gene transfer that propel the emergence, persistence and dissemination of resistant populations. The review focused on the most important molecular and ecological factors that are driving AMR, including resistance mechanisms, the resistome and mobilome, plasmids, integrons, transposons, bacteriophages and conjugation, transformation and transduction. It also took into account the contribution of livestock, companion animals, food production, wastewater, agricultural soils, manure, surface waters and other environmental reservoirs to maintaining and promoting resistance determinants. Advances in whole-genome sequencing, metagenomics, genomic epidemiology, and bioinformatic resistance-gene detection have improved the capacity to trace resistant lineages and characterize antimicrobial resistomes across sectors. New control tactics include antimicrobial stewardship, infection prevention, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophage, probiotics, anti-virulence strategies, plasmid-targeting strategies, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-based antimicrobials and improved wastewater treatment. Therefore, coordinated One Health surveillance, judicious use of antimicrobials, environmental stewardship, and precision genomic interventions are crucial for minimizing the spread and long-term prevalence of AMR worldwide.
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References
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23.Li, J., Rettedal, E. A., van der Helm, E., Ellabaan, M. M. H., Panagiotou, G., & Sommer, M. O. A. (2019). Antibiotic treatment drives the diversification of the human gut resistome. Genomics, Proteomics & Bioinformatics, 17(1), 39–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gpb.2018.12.003
24.Majumder, M. A. A., Rahman, S., Cohall, D., Bharatha, A., Singh, K., Haque, M., & Gittens-St Hilaire, M. (2020). Antimicrobial stewardship: Fighting antimicrobial resistance and protecting global public health. Infection and Drug Resistance, 13, 4713–4738. https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S290835
25.Marco-Fuertes, A., Marin, C., Lorenzo-Rebenaque, L., Vega, S., & Montoro-Dasi, L. (2022). Antimicrobial resistance in companion animals: A new challenge for the One Health approach in the European Union. Veterinary Sciences, 9(5), 208. https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci9050208
26.Melnyk, A. H., Wong, A., & Kassen, R. (2015). The fitness costs of antibiotic resistance mutations. Evolutionary Applications, 8(3), 273–283. https://doi.org/10.1111/eva.12196
27.Michaelis, C., & Grohmann, E. (2023). Horizontal gene transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in biofilms. Antibiotics, 12(2), 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics12020328
28.Mulchandani, R., Wang, Y., Gilbert, M., & Van Boeckel, T. P. (2023). Global trends in antimicrobial use in food-producing animals: 2020 to 2030. PLOS Global Public Health, 3(2), e0001305. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001305
29.Mwangi, J., Hao, X., Lai, R., & Zhang, Z.-Y. (2019). Antimicrobial peptides: New hope in the war against multidrug resistance. Zoological Research, 40(6), 488–505. https://doi.org/10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2019.062
30.NIHR Global Health Research Unit on Genomic Surveillance of AMR. (2020). Whole-genome sequencing as part of national and international surveillance programmes for antimicrobial resistance: A roadmap. BMJ Global Health, 5(11), e002244. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002244
31.Oniciuc, E. A., Likotrafiti, E., Alvarez-Molina, A., Prieto, M., Santos, J. A., & Alvarez-Ordóñez, A. (2018). The present and future of whole genome sequencing (WGS) and whole metagenome sequencing (WMS) for surveillance of antimicrobial resistant microorganisms and antimicrobial resistance genes across the food chain. Genes, 9(5), 268. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes9050268
32.Pal, C., Bengtsson-Palme, J., Kristiansson, E., & Larsson, D. G. J. (2015). Co-occurrence of resistance genes to antibiotics, biocides and metals reveals novel insights into their co-selection potential. BMC Genomics, 16, 964. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-015-2153-5
33.Palacios Araya, D., Palmer, K. L., & Duerkop, B. A. (2021). CRISPR-based antimicrobials to obstruct antibiotic-resistant and pathogenic bacteria. PLOS Pathogens, 17(7), e1009672. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1009672
34.Peterson, E., & Kaur, P. (2018). Antibiotic resistance mechanisms in bacteria: Relationships between resistance determinants of antibiotic producers, environmental bacteria, and clinical pathogens. Frontiers in Microbiology, 9, 2928. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02928
35.Pillay, S., Calderón-Franco, D., Urhan, A., & Abeel, T. (2022). Metagenomic-based surveillance systems for antibiotic resistance in non-clinical settings. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 1066995. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1066995
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Published
2026-08-26
How to Cite
Dr. Stephen Kayode Ojo, & Prof. Jo-Anne Dillon. (2026). ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE AT THE ONE HEALTH INTERFACE: GENOMIC DRIVERS, HORIZONTAL GENE TRANSFER, ENVIRONMENTAL RESERVOIRS, AND EMERGING CONTROL STRATEGIES. IJRDO - JOURNAL OF BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, 12(3), 77-92. https://doi.org/10.69980/bs.v12i3.6814
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